Welcome to Simmental Country's monthly breed improvement article.  Sean McGrath is a breed improvement consultant working with the CSA, along with Dr. Bob Kemp.  They are focusing on an aggressive breed improvement plan as outlined by the CSA Directors.  Sean has both extensive practical experience (owns and operates a purebred and commercial herd) and formal education in the area of breed improvement.  We are certain you'll enjoy the monthly articles now appearing in the Simmental Country and will find them both informative and useful in your breeding operation.


Sean McGrath                                                                                                                                                                                   Bob Kemp
Breed Improvement Consultant                                                                                                                                                   Consulting Geneticist

What is Good? How to Read

Ultrasound Data

 

What is Good? How to Read

Ultrasound Data

(French)

 
Cowboy Math Ultrasound Breed Improvement - Archives

 

What is Good? How to Read Ultrasound Data…

Often I get the question about what is a “good” ultrasound record. Should my rib-eyes be 12 square inches or is 15 better? Another common comment is the comparison with the neighbour down the road. “I have a lot better marbling numbers than my neighbour.”
Ultrasound images are collected and read for rib-eye area (REA), rib fat thickness (Fat), and percent intramuscular fat (% IMF) which relates to marbling levels (see Table 1.).


It is extremely important to keep the ultrasound information in context. An ultrasound scan is a phenotypic record from an animal. In this sense it is no different than a weight record, and it can be influenced by age, sex, diet, health and a variety of other factors. It is definitely not reliable or fair to compare these records across herds, as broad differences likely explain more about differences in management style than they do about animals.


Bulls will typically express more rib-eye and lower fat levels than heifers. Heifers will typically express higher levels of marbling. What is important in your herd is to look at how these animals perform in relation to each other.


Another good example is that cattle on higher energy rations will tend to express more of the fat traits such as marbling, however this type of ration may also impact the development and longevity of the animal.


Using age adjusted scan measurements and indexes can be an effective in herd selection tool. For bull customers, encourage them to look at the information in the context of your program, rather than comparing the raw data with that from other herds.


It is also important to ensure your bull buyers understand that the ultrasound data should not look like the information from a finished steer. Bulls in development are not fed a finishing ration, have additional testosterone effects and can not be directly compared to a feeder steer. Bulls will often exhibit higher REA than a feeder steer as an example. The differences “between” the young bulls in your program, is what matters.

Table 1.  The relationship between % Intramuscular Fat, Canadian Grade, USDA Grade and Marbling Description

% IMF

CBGA Grade

USDA Grade

Description

9.9 +

Prime

Prime

Slightly Abundant

4.0 – 9.7

AAA

Choice

Small

2.3 – 3.9

AA

Select

Slight

<2.3

A

Standard

Traces


The most useful way to compare cattle across herds and environments is with the carcass EPD, as these numbers combine both ultrasound and carcass information with pedigree and provide an objective assessment of relative carcass merit independently of environment. Breed average carcass EPD are shown in table 2, and are calculated using a combination of carcass data and ultrasound information, as well as the relationship between them.


Unfortunately the question still remains about what is the best record and unfortunately the answer to that question is, “it depends”. There is no one right rib-eye size, or marbling level.


For example, if a producer is looking for a bull to use on Angus cows with high marbling genetics and low yield, a large rib-eye may be significantly more important than a high IMF measurement. Conversely, if a sire is going onto high yielding continental type cows IMF may be very important.


It is important to look at context. If a customer is selling fed cattle and is running into problems with yield, they may want to focus on rib-eye and backfat in your program, or look for potential sires with lower Yield Grade EPD. If a breeder has a problem with marbling they should focus on IMF within their program or look for higher marbling EPD genetics.

Table 2.  Spring 2008 Breed Average Carcass EPD

CWT

YG

MS

Fat

REA

-2.2

0.00

0.08

0.00

0.02

 

There is no one right ultrasound record, but there is a right way to use them to move forward. Understanding your current position, your future goals and then using the information within the context of an individual breeding program can make ultrasound an extremely powerful tool in any breeding program.

 

Qu’est-ce qui est bon ?

Comment interpréter les données mesurées par ultrasons ?


On me pose souvent la question à savoir qu’est-ce qu’une “bonne” valeur de mesure par ultrasons. Est-ce que la surface d’œil-de-longe devrait être de 12 pouces carrés ou plutôt que 15 serait mieux ? On entend aussi souvent un commentaire comparant une valeur donnée avec celle d’un producteur voisin. “Mes animaux ont des mesures de persillage bien meilleures que celles de mon voisin.”
Des images sont recueillies par l’utilisation d’ultrasons et elles sont interprétées en unités de mesure de la surface de l’œil-de-longe(SOL), le niveau de gras sur les côtes (Gras) et le % de gras intramusculaire(GIM), lequel fournit une indication du niveau de persillage (voir le tableau 1- ci-après ).
Il demeure extrèmement important de considérer les informations obtenues par les ultrasons dans leur contexte particulier. Une image obtenue par ultrasons représente une donnée phénotypique d’un animal. Ainsi, celle-ci n’est pas vraiment différente d’une donnée de poids, et elle peut être influencée selon l’âge, le sexe, la ration, le niveau sanitaire de même que par une multitude d’autres facteurs. Cela est définitivement très peu fiable et juste de comparer des données obtenues dans des troupeaux différents, car les variations observées s’expliquent davantage par les différences dans les types de régie que les différences entre les sujets.
Les taureaux vont normalement posséder une plus grande surface d’œil-de-longe et ont moins de gras que les génisses. Les génisses vont toutefois exprimer de plus hauts niveaux de persillage. Dans votre troupeau, il est important de comparer comment les performances des sujets se comparent entre elles.
En guise d’autre exemple, les bovins qui sont soignés avec des rations ayant un niveau plus élevé d’énergie ont tendance à exprimer des valeurs de mesures de gras plus élevées, notamment pour le niveau de persillage, mais ce type de ration peut également avoir des effets sur le développement et la longévité de l’animal.
L’utilisation de valeurs de mesures ajustées selon l’âge et les indices peut représenter un outil de sélection efficace à l’intérieur d’un troupeau donné. Encouragez vos clients acheteurs de taureaux à considérer l’information dans le contexte de votre programme d’élevage, au lieu qu’ils comparent vos données brutes avec celles provenant d’autres troupeaux.

 

Tableau 1- Relation entre le % Gras intramusculaire, le classement Canadien, le classement Américain and le niveau décrit de persillage

% GIM

Classement CAN

Classement USA

Niveau de persillage

9.9 +

“Prime”

“Prime”

Légèr. Abondant

4.0 – 9.7

AAA

“Choice”

Faible

2.3 – 3.9

AA

“Select”

Léger

<2.3

A

“Standard”

Traces


Il est également très important de vous assurer que vos clients comprennent bien que les données de mesures par ultrasons ne doivent pas être semblables à celles mesurées chez des bouvillons finis. Des taureaux en phase de croissance ne sont pas alimentés avec une ration de finition, ils ont également beaucoup plus de testostérone et, en conséquence, ils ne peuvent pas être comparés à des bovins d’engraissement. Les taureaux vont démontrer plus souvent des valeurs plus élevées de surface d’œil-de-longe qu’un bouvillon d’engraissement par exemple. L’important est de s’occuper des différences entre les valeurs des jeunes taureaux de votre programme.
La meilleure manière de comparer adéquatement des bovins provenant de troupeaux différents et élevés dans divers types d’environnement est d’utiliser les ÉPDs sur les caractères de carcasse. Ces chiffres sont obtenus en combinant les données brutes obtenues sur les carcasses et les données de mesures par ultrasons, avec les informations disponibles sur les généalogies, et ils nous fournissent ainsi une évaluation objective des valeurs de mérite relatif des carcasses, indépendamment des effets de l’environnement. Les ÉPD moyens des caractères de carcasse sont fournis au Tableau 2-, et ils ont été calculés en incorporant une combinaison des données sur les carcasses et les données de mesures aux ultrasons, ainsi que les relations entre toutes ces données.
Malheureusement, la question demeure à savoir quel est la meilleure donnée et, malheureusement, la réponse à cette question est, “ça dépend”. Il n’y a pas une seule bonne grandeur de surface d’œil-de-longe ou de degré de persillage.
Par exemple, si un producteur veut utiliser un taureau chez des vaches Angus possédant une génétique ayant un potentiel élevé de degré de persillage et un rendement en viande plus faible, une valeur plus élevée de surface d’œil-de-longe peut être beaucoup plus importante que les données sur le GIM. Dans le cas contraire, si un taureau est destiné à être utiliser sur des vaches de type continental avec un fort rendement en viande, les données sur le GIM peuvent alors être très importantes.

Il est important de considérer le contexte. Si un client vend des veaux d’embouche et qu’il éprouve des problèmes avec le rendement en viande, il peut vouloir alors mettre plus d’emphase dans votre programme sur la surface d’œil-de-longe et le gras dorsal, ou possiblement considérer des taureaux démontrant des ÉPD plus élevés pour le rendement de carcasse. Si un éleveur a un problème avec le degré de persillage, il devrait mettre plus d’emphase envers le GIM à l’intérieur de votre programme ou bien considérer des sujets dont les ÉPD sont plus élevés pour le persillage.

Tableau 2- Moyenne de la race des ÉPD du Printemps 2008 / Caractères liés à la carcasse

PCAR

G1An

Pers

Gras

SOL

-2.2

0.00

0.08

0.00

0.02


Il n’y a pas qu’une seule bonne valeur obtenue par ultrasons, mais il n’y a qu’une bonne manière de les utiliser afin de faire du progrès. En connaissant votre situation actuelle, vos objectifs pour le futur et en utilisant les informations disponibles dans un scénario de programme d’élevage individuel, vous pouvez faire en sorte que les données mesurées par ultrasons constituent des outils fort puissants pour n’importe lequel programme d’élevage.

Cowboy Math

(over 3000 reasons to ultrasound)

It is important that seedstock producers are aware of cost/benefit of what they do to add value to their product.  It is important that investments in data recording and genetic evaluation provide benefit to the downstream purchaser of the product, thus adding value to the seedstock.  With that said, it is a bit of a mystery why more producers do not undertake ultrasound in their breeding programs.

To illustrate this point I have done some rough cowboy math using CanFax’s boxed beef pricing report from last week (Oct 15th).  By working backwards from the boxed beef price, it shows that the additional value a packer could pay in live price for cattle with a 2% increase in yield is nearly $3 per hundredweight.  While this sounds like a minimal amount, on 25 slaughter progeny weighing 1250 pounds, this is nearly $900.

If we look at the $11 per hundredweight price spread between AAA and AA boxed beef prices, there is further opportunity to add value to these cattle.  If we took the average AA/AAA split on October 15th and increased AAA by 5% through a breeding program that targeted marbling we could potentially increase returns by nearly $120 per head.  That is with only a 5% increase in AAA grading cattle.  The added value to 25 slaughter progeny is about $2990.

In this mainstream market example, producing a bull for your commercial customer that can sire 25 slaughter progeny, increases yield by 2%, and AAA grading cattle by 5% can generate an additional $3890.  While this may vary with market conditions and the boxed beef price spread, the rewards cannot be dismissed.  Even producers who sell weaned calves will have a more valuable product to potential buyers if they can get their cattle to grade.

There are other opportunities for different carcass specifications as well, with various programs paying premiums for different spec product.  The important point is; knowing the carcass characteristics of your cattle can pay big dividends.

Research has consistently proven that ultrasound characteristics of young seedstock have a correlation with progeny carcass traits ranging from 0.70 to 0.80.  Also consistent is the finding that ultrasound is a relatively inexpensive addition to a carcass testing program.  Ultrasound allows us to rapidly obtain large quantities of records on young seedstock.

In effect, this means that collecting and using ultrasound data in selection can positively impact the carcass characteristics of future progeny.  In the commercial world, this is the ultimate driver of value.  Processors pay for the product they can sell and feedlots selling cattle on grid payment receive added value for their efforts, turning the rewards back to producers and ultimately to seedstock providers.

One of the most effective places for breeders to invest ultrasound dollars is in scanning replacement females.  By scanning yearling heifers entering the cowherd – as replacements are made and older cows are culled from the breeding program – the end result is a cowherd with a good carcass profile that can be mated to target any market.

The most effective way to use ultrasound data is through genetic evaluation, where ultrasound records can be mated with performance information and anchored using actual carcass data.  This is what the North American genetic evaluation does.  It is important for breeders who want to maximize their opportunities to take steps ahead of time to ensure their data is of most value to them.

1.         Cattle to be scanned should have performance records recorded with the CSA

2.         Complete contemporary groups of cattle should be scanned

3.         Cattle should be scanned between 300 – 440 days of age

4.         Data must be collected through the UGC process and images must be read by an accredited technicia

By taking these simple steps, breeders can obtain and use carcass and ultrasound information to best advantage.  Producers who wish to scan are encouraged to contact one of the ultrasound providers below and contact the CSA to receive their ultrasound barn sheets.

Beef Improvement Ontario: (519) 767-2665

Optimum Genetics: (306) 585-1234

Windy Ridge Ultrasound: (403) 752-4066

Karen Bannow, UGC Certified BAK Ultrasounding:  (306) 726-7465

Jentech Ultrasound Services:  (403) 892-3486

Shari Beamish, Ultrabeef (www.ultrabeef.ca)

How to Scan

1.         Contact a technician and schedule a scanning session (technicians are busy so book early) 

2.         Contact the CSA and obtain a barn sheet

3.         Scan the cattle

4.         Submit completed barn sheet and images to an approved laboratory (most technicians will direct you to a lab that they work with)

5.         Reports are returned through the CSA and will contain age adjusted scan information as well as ranks/indexes on the calves


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Ultrasound and Not So Sound Investments

 

This article could also be titled Good and Bad ways to spend your money.  In most operations, time and money are limiting factors.  While there are great potential rewards from ultrasound, it is still important to try to maximize the value received from the investment in scanning.

 

Good Investments:

1.         Collecting UGC data on cattle between 300 and 440 days of age

            In order to use data in genetic evaluation (carcass EPD) cattle must be scanned and the images read by appropriate UGC certified technicians.  Your scanning technician can help you out with this process.  This requirement helps to ensure that data is collected appropriately, is of high quality and can be used for evaluation.  Because of the relationship between ultrasound and carcass characteristics of fed cattle, it is important that scanning be performed within an appropriate age range as well.  Some guidelines are shown in Table 1.

2.         Reporting performance data to the CSA

            Ultrasound data builds off of existing performance data including pedigree, birthdate, and weaning information.  It is important that cattle to be scanned also have as complete a performance record on file as possible.  It is also important that other calves in the herd, which may have been culled at weaning, are reported to the CSA, so that ultrasound results can be put into context of the entire herd.

3.         Scanning complete groups of cattle

            Scanning full groups of cattle is an excellent investment.  It provides the most useful data for evaluation and comparative purposes and also begins to provide a carcass map of the entire herd.

4.         Scanning replacement females

            This is a great investment that is often overlooked.  While many producers scan bulls for marketing reasons, scanning potential replacement females rapidly provides an assessment of carcass merit for the entire breeding unit.  Not only do females entering the herd have their own performance record, but it also means that many of the producing females will have progeny records.  By mapping out the carcass profile of the entire cowherd, selective mating can be directly targeted to breeding program goals.  As well, heifers tend to express greater differences in marbling than bulls and can provide some very informative information for genetic evaluation.

5.         Promoting that you scan

            Promotion of your efforts is a good investment.  Many commercial producers may not ask for scan data, they just won’t go to your sale.  There are significant price rewards for commercial producers who can provide high quality carcass genetics and many producers are aware of it.  UGC clip marks are marks of excellence for your cattle and your program.

 

Not So Good Investments:

1.         Scanning herdsires / two year old bulls / weaned calves

            It is not uncommon to see cattle scanned outside of the recommended age ranges.  The value of ultrasound is in its’ relationship to carcass characteristics of finished cattle.  That is why the age range is important.  In other words, scanning a 7 year old herdsire to determine his carcass merit is useless and a waste of money.  There are not a lot of 7 year old feeder cattle.

2.         Scanning a few selected calves

            Scanning selected calves may seem like a good idea to help conserve the pocketbook.  It is probably a better investment to forgo ultrasound altogether, than to cherry pick the cattle that will be scanned.  Scanning incomplete groups of cattle does not provide a good basis for comparison and may result in selection bias.  It is also for this reason that complete reporting of calves at weaning is important.  With complete weaning information preliminary selection such as castrating calves post-weaning can be accounted for during genetic evaluation.

            Another pitfall of scanning selected groups is that it does not build the database for the future.  A good example of this would be scanning only your bull calves.  This approach does not provide the same future benefit as scanning all of your calves.  If a cow produces a heifer calf with a scan record this year, she will in all likelihood receive a carcass evaluation from her progeny record.  This data can be used in genetic prediction next year when she may have a bull calf.  We have seen situations where even though the breeder has been scanning his bull calves there are still sale bulls without carcass EPD.

3.         Not reporting performance data to the CSA

            Ultrasound data is built on top of performance data.  Not reporting birth, pedigree or performance information means that the ultrasound record can’t be used, not only for genetic evaluation, but also for production of age adjusted scan values, ranks, indexes, sire summary reports, etc. Reporting of performance data on complete groups of cattle is key to getting the most bang for your ultrasound buck.

4.         Using Chute Side Ultrasound (non-UGC)

            The use of chute side ultrasound greatly limits the options with scan data.  Data that is not collected through UGC certified processes cannot be used in genetic evaluation.  In other words, no carcass EPD can be produced from this data.  In addition, it also means no reports with age adjusted scan values, ranks, indexes, or sire summary reports.  UGC data collection requires a few extra steps, but it is a good investment of time and money for those who choose to ultrasound.  Your technician can assist you with the process, and the steps are outlined below.

To use the table, start from the birth date of the first calf born and select 440 Days.  This represents the latest date you can ultrasound if you want to have this calf included in genetic evaluation.  Select the date of the last calf born and select 300 Days.  This represents the earliest date that you can ultrasound if you want this calf included in the evaluation.  If the 300 Days occurs after the 440 Days, then you must either run 2 scan dates, or select which calves are most important to for you to scan.

Example:  Joe has his first calf born January 1st, 2005 and his last calf born on May 1st, 2005.  To include the oldest calf he must scan before March 17th, 2006.  To include the youngest calf he must scan after March 27th, 2006.  Joe has to choose to scan on two different days, or target his scanning to best utilize the data.  He has only a few calves through April and May, and is done his main calving period by April 1st.  Joe calls the technician and chooses a scan date between February 25th and March 17th.

 

How to Scan

1.         Contact a technician and schedule a scanning session (technicians are busy so book early)

2.         Contact the CSA and obtain a barn sheet

3.         Scan the cattle

4.         Submit completed barn sheet and images to an approved laboratory (most technicians have a lab that they work with and will direct you to)

5.         Reports are returned through the CSA and will contain age adjusted scan information as well as ranks/indexes on the calves


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